Vorvis v. Ins. Corp. of B.C. (1989), 94 N.R. 321 (SCC)
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[French language version follows English language version]
[La version française vient à la suite de la version anglaise]
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Eonis J. Vorvis v. Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
(No. 18844)
Indexed As: Vorvis v. Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
Supreme Court of Canada
Beetz, Estey, McIntyre, Lamer, Wilson, Le Dain and L’Heureux-Dubé, JJ.
May 4, 1989.
Summary:
Vorvis, age 54, was employed by the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia in September 1973 as a junior solicitor. In January 1981 Vorvis was dismissed. Vorvis claimed damages for wrongful dismissal. The trial judge held that Vorvis was wrongfully dismissed and awarded damages based on a seven month notice requirement but rejected claims for loss of pension rights, and for aggravated and punitive damages – see 134 D.L.R.(3d) 727. Vorvis appealed.
The British Columbia Court of Appeal allowed the appeal to the extent of an award of $4,308 for loss of overtime salary – see 53 B.C.L.R. 63; 9 D.L.R.(4th) 40. Vorvis appealed.
The Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the appeal.
Damages – Topic 904
Aggravated damages defined – The Supreme Court of Canada defined aggravated damages and distinguished punitive damages – See paragraph 16.
Damages – Topic 912
Aggravation – In contract – For breach – The Supreme Court of Canada stated that aggravated damages may be awarded in actions for breach of contract in appropriate cases – See paragraph 21.
Damages – Topic 1296.1
Exemplary or punitive damages defined – The Supreme Court of Canada defined punitive damages and distinguished aggravated damages – See paragraph 16.
Damages – Topic 1297
Exemplary or punitive damages – When awarded – The Supreme Court of Canada stated that the limitations in Rookes v. Barnard (House of Lords) do not apply to Canada (see paragraph 24) – The court stated that punitive damages can only be awarded where there is a finding of the commission of an actionable wrong which caused the plaintiff’s injury – See paragraph 25.
Damages – Topic 1305
Exemplary or punitive damages – Breach of contract – The Supreme Court of Canada stated that in cases of breach of contract an award of punitive damages will be very rare – See paragraph 26.
Master and Servant – Topic 1221
Employment contract – Termination – General – The Supreme Court of Canada stated that an employment contract may be terminated by either employer or employee “and no wrong is done by the termination itself”; but the employee may be entitled to notice – See paragraph 13.
Master and Servant – Topic 1960
Remuneration – Pension benefits, on dismissal – Vorvis, an employee, was a member of a pension plan which provided for contributions by both the employer and employee and provided for a vesting after ten years – After seven years’ employment Vorvis was wrongfully dismissed – Pursuant to a clause in the pension plan Vorvis was refunded his contributions but not the employers’ – The Supreme Court of Canada dismissed Vorvis’ claim for damages for loss of pension rights – See paragraphs 6 to 13.
Master and Servant – Topic 8063
Dismissal without cause – Damages – Mental distress – An employee was wrongfully dismissed and claimed damages for mental distress as a result of his dismissal – The Supreme Court of Canada affirmed the dismissal of the employee’s claim because the conduct complained of preceded the wrongful dismissal and the claim did not result from the dismissal – See paragraphs 21 to 23.
Cases Noticed:
Gillespie v. Bulkley Valley Forest Industries Ltd., [1973] 6 W.W.R. 551 (B.C.S.C.), refd to. [para. 10].
Sloan v. Union Oil Co. of Canada (1955), 16 W.W.R.(N.S.) 225 (B.C.S. C.), dist. [para. 11].
Wilson v. Rudolph Werlitzer Co. (1934), 194 N.E. 441 (Ohio C.A.), dist. [para. 11].
Kern v. City of Long Beach (1947), 179 P.2d 799, dist. [para. 11].
Police Pension and Relief Bd. of City and County of Denver v. Bills (1961), 366 P.2d 581, dist. [para. 11].
London Export Corp. Ltd. v. Jubilee Coffee Roasting Co. Ltd., [1958] 2 All E.R. 411, refd to. [para. 13].
Tippett v. International Typographical Union Local 226 (1976), 71 D.L.R.(3d) 146 (B.C.S.C.), refd to. [para. 14].
Jarvis v. Swan Tours Ltd., [1973] 1 All E.R. 71 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 14].
Cringle v. Northern Union Insurance Co. (1981), 124 D.L.R.(3d) 22, refd to. [para. 14].
Cox v. Philips Industries Ltd., [1976] 3 All E.R. 161 (Q.B.), refd to. [para. 14].
Pilon v. Peugeot Canada Ltd. (1980), 114 D.L.R.(3d) 378 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 14].
Peso Silver Mines Ltd. (N.P.L.) v. Cropper, [1966] S.C.R. 673; 58 D.L. R.(2d) 1; 56 W.W.R.(N.S.) 641 (S.C.C.), refd to. [para. 14].
Harvey Foods Ltd. v. Reed (1971), 3 N.B.R.(2d) 444; 18 D.L.R.(3d) 90 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 14].
Addis v. Gramophone Co., [1909] A.C. 488 (H.L.), refd to. [para. 15].
Heywood v. Wellers, [1976] 1 All E.R. 300 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 19].
Brown v. Waterloo Regional Board of Commissioners of Police (1982), 136 D.L.R.(3d) 49 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 19].
Pilato v. Hamilton Place Convention Centre Inc. (1984), 45 O.R.(2d) 652 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 20].
Speck v. Greater Niagara General Hospital (1983), 43 O.R.(2d) 611 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 20].
Bohemier v. Storwal International Inc. (1982), 142 D.L.R. 8 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 20].
Perkins v. Brandon University and Potter (1985), 35 Man.R.(2d) 177, refd to. [para. 20].
Abouna v. Foothills Provincial General Hospital Board (No. 2) (1978), 8 A.R. 94; 83 D.L.R.(3d) 333 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 20].
McMinn v. Town of Oakville (1978), 19 O.R.(2d) 366 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 20].
Rookes v. Barnard, [1964] A.C. 1129, refd to. [para. 24].
McElroy v. Cowper-Smith and Woodman, [1967] S.C.R. 425, refd to. [para. 24].
Paragon Properties Ltd. v. Magna Envestments Ltd. (1972), 24 D.L.R. (3d) 156 (Alta. C.A.), refd to. [para. 24].
Uren v. John Fairfax & Sons Pty. Ltd. (1966), 117 C.L.R. 118, refd to. [para. 24].
Fogg v. McKnight, [1968] N.Z.L.R. 330, refd to. [para. 24].
Robitaille v. Vancouver Hockey Club Ltd. (1981), 124 D.L.R.(3d) 228 (B.C.C.A.), refd to. [para. 25].
H.L. Weiss Forwarding Ltd. v. Omnus, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 776; 5 N.R. 511, refd to. [para. 25].
Warner v. Arsenault (1982), 53 N.S.R.(2d) 146; 109 A.P.R. 146 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 27].
Meyer v. Gordon (1981), 17 C.C.L.T. 1 (B.C.S.C.), refd to. [para. 27].
Antonaros v. SNC Inc. (1984), 6 C.C.E.L. 264 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 43].
Gordon v. Saint John Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. (1983), 47 N.B.R.(2d) 150; 124 A.P.R. 150 (N.B.Q.B.), refd to. [para. 43].
Cormier v. Hostess Food Products Ltd. (1984), 52 N.B.R.(2d) 288; 137 A.P.R. 288 (Q.B.), refd to. [para. 43].
Lightburn v. Mid Island Consumer Services Cooperative (1984), 4 C.C. E.L. 263 (B.C. Co. Ct.), refd to. [para. 43].
Hadley v. Baxendale (1854), 9 Ex. 341; 156 E.R. 145, refd to. [para. 44].
Bliss v. South East Thames Regional Health Authority, [1987] I.C.R. 700, refd to. [para. 45].
Hayes and anor v. Dodds, [1988] N.L.J. 259, refd to. [para. 45].
Victoria Laundry (Windsor Ltd.) v. Newman Industries Ltd., [1949] 2 K.B. 528 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 47].
Koufos v. R. Czarnikow Ltd. (Heron II), [1969] 1 A.C. 350 (H.L.), refd to. [para. 47].
Newell v. Canadian Pacific Airlines Ltd. (1976), 14 O.R.(2d) 752 (Ont. Co. Ct.), refd to. [para. 48].
Cook v. Swinfen, [1967] 1 W.L.R. 457 (C.A.), refd to. [para. 48].
Guildford v. Anglo-French Steamship Co. (1883), 9 S.C.R. 303, refd to. [para. 50].
Cardinal Construction Ltd. v. The Queen in right of Ontario (1981), 32 O.R.(2d) 575 (H.C.), refd to. [para. 51].
Dale Perusse Ltd. v. Kason (1985), 6 C.P.C.(2d) 129 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 52].
Noranda Mines Ltd. v. Seaboard Surety Co. (1985), 8 O.A.C. 316; 7 C.C.E.L. 227 (Div. Ct.), refd to. [para. 52].
Centennial Centre of Science and Technology v. VS Services Ltd. (1982), 40 O.R.(2d) 253 (H.C.), refd to. [para. 52].
Delmotte v. John Labatt Ltd. (1978), 22 O.R.(2d) 90 (H.C.), refd to. [para. 52].
Nantel v. Parisien (1981), 18 C.C.L.T. 79 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 52].
Edwards v. Lawson Paper Converters Ltd. (1984), 5 C.C.E.L. 99 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 53].
New Brunswick Electric Power Commission v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1733 (1978), 22 N.B.R.(2d) 364; 39 A.P.R. 364 (Q.B.), refd to. [para. 53].
Makarchuk v. MidTransportation Services Ltd. (1985), 6 C.C.E.L. 169 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 53].
Thom v. Goodhost Foods Ltd. (1987), 17 C.C.E.L. 89 (Ont. H.C.), refd to. [para. 53].
Central Trust Co. v. Rafuse and Cordon, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 147; 69 N.R. 321; 75 N.S.R.(2d) 109; 186 A.P.R. 109, refd to. [para. 56].
Authors and Works Noticed:
Chitty on Contracts (25th Ed. 1983), p. 460 [para. 13].
Fridman, The Law of Contract in Canada (2nd Ed. 1986), p. 675 [para. 42].
Grossman, B. and Marcus, S., New Developments in Wrongful Dismissal Litigation (1982), 60 Can. Bar Rev. 656, p. 668 [para. 42].
Restatement on the Law of Contracts in the United States (2nd Ed.), s. 355 [para. 25].
Waddams, The Law of Damages (2nd Ed. 1983), pp. 562 [para. 16]; 576, 577 [para. 50].
Counsel:
F.A. Schroeder, for the appellant;
Robert H. Guile, Q.C., and D.G. Cowper, for the respondent.
Solicitors of Record:
Laxton, Pidgeon & Company, Vancouver, British Columbia, for the appellant;
Russell & DuMoulin, Vancouver, British Columbia, for the respondent.
This appeal was heard by Beetz, Estey, McIntyre, Lamer, Wilson, Le Dain and L’Heureux-Dubé, JJ., on October 20, 1987.
On May 4, 1989, the Supreme Court delivered and filed the following opinions in both official languages:
McIntyre, J. – see paragraphs 1 to 29;
Wilson, J., dissenting – see paragraphs 30 to 62.
Beetz and Lamer, JJ., concurred with McIntyre, J.
L’Heureux-Dubé, J., concurred with Wilson, J.
Estey and Le Dain, JJ., took no part in the judgment.
